Moscow University
Anthropology
Bulletin
Anthropology
Bulletin
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of biology, Department of anthropology, Leninskie Gory, 1, p.12, Moscow, 119991, Russia
Dorofeeva А.А., e-mail: ankada@mail.ru; Loskutova Yu.V., e-mail: ulabox86@mail.ru; Negasheva Marina A., Ph.D., D.Sc., ORCID ID: 0000-0002-7572-4316, e-mail: negasheva@mail.ru
The article presents the results of research of iris color and its structure in the applied science literature of the last two centuries. The first part of the paper describes the development of research methods in numerous works of anthropologists, geneticists etc. We review the history, the description and principles of formation of scales for the definition of iris pigmentation by some well-known researchers, such as D.Beddo, P.Broka, F.Galton, A.Bertilon, R.Martin, V.V.Bunak, M.Tisseran, B.Schultz, K.Zaller, etc. We also give characteristics of scales depending on the national identity of samples, for which the technique has been defined, final objectives of the research, principles of hereditary determination of intensity and localization of chromogenesis, and the methods of registration of structural iris properties. Special emphasis is made to the development of methods for determining eye color in the 20-40s of the last century in Russian anthropological school under VV Bunak and design stages of the 12 chromatic scale class V. Bunak in the original and modern version. The second part of article is devoted to the description of research methods of various iris structural features used by domestic and foreign anthropologists, reflexologists, etc. regarding empirical observation and biomicroscopic analysis. We consider the opinions of V.V.Bunak, K.Zaller, M.Tisseran about the importance of iris tissues structure in eye color determination and give some historical aspects of formation and description of scales and techniques, proposed by some anthropologists, such as G.Fild, Tsigelmajer, M.Hesh, V.V.Bunak and used for the definition of variations in the structure of iris tissues.The most famous structural scale by M.Hesh and structural and chromatic classification of V.V.Bunak are described in details. We also provide the description of classification schemes by some medical doctors and reflexologists, such as B.Jensen, R.Bordiol and E.S.Velhover. Each part of the article is illustrated by currently available photos of the scales for the definition of iris color and structure. In conclusion, we summarize practical and methodical importance, universality and some other characteristics of the existing scales application for the definition of morphological features of iris color and structure.
Lomonosov MSU, anthropology, iris, methods of eye color determination, methods of iris structure studying
Цит.: Dorofeeva А.А., Loskutova Yu.V., Negasheva M.A. History of development of methods for the study of eye color (Retrospective scales to determine the pigmentation and structure of the iris) // Moscow University Anthropology Bulletin (Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria XXIII. Antropologia), 2012; 2/2012; с. 111-122
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